Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The travel industry - Essay Example The exploration dives on recreation exercises. Relaxation exercises center around both physical recreation exercises. The physical exercises incorporate games exercises. The nonphysical exercises incorporate non-sport recreation exercises. Recreation exercises must improve one’s relational connections. In layman’s terms, recreation movement is accurately depicted as any demonstration accomplished during work breaks. Relaxation is the spare time during non-nonworking days like Saturdays, Sundays, and authority occasions. Relaxation is the open door given to the individual to do whatever the person in question needs during the person’s liberated from work time or jobless time. Relaxation time can be use to rest or entertainment (Veal and Lynch, 2001). Further, Lynch and Veal effectively emphasized that relaxation is made out of three measurements. The measurements incorporate time committed to relaxation. Another measurement incorporates occupations that comprise r elaxation. Relaxation additionally incorporates mentalities that characterize recreation. The two creators accurately demand that relaxation exercises incorporate the adoration for the outside games. The open air sports exercises consolidate the relaxation exercises of the Aboriginal clans of Australia. The Aboriginal individuals love the wild. Also, the Europeans of Australia incorporate composed games exercises as recreation exercises. The composed games consolidate the European social and Leisure ideas. The overwhelming requests of organized working lives included sorted out relaxation exercises. Recreation is finished during times when work is done or on hold break (Veal and Lynch, 2001). For instance, relaxation exercises are done around evening time, after the day by day 9-5 work routine is practiced. Relaxation exercises are finished during Saturdays and Sundays, during off work days. Besides, Godbey legitimately demands that relaxation is the demonstration of seeking after r eality and comprehension of oneself. The relaxation demonstration incorporates a few thoughtful fixings. The pondering fixings are tasteful, philosophical, mental and strict in nature. In this manner, perusing a few books on reasoning, expressions, writing (Shakespeare) are viewed as recreation exercises. Perusing books to determine whether Charles Darwin’s advancement hypothesis is right is another cerebrum enhancing recreation action (Veal, 1992). All alone, my relaxation time is spent on sports exercises. I like to play ball games. B-ball gives the speedy brain to break down whether to push ahead and shoot the ball or to stop my running and shoot the ball. The round of container ball permits me to rival others who love the sport of b-ball. Ball is a round of speed. To speed up, I consistently speed running. Furthermore, my other relaxation movement is understanding books. I love to peruse books on points that are identified with my group exercises. I love to peruse the cat astrophes of Shakespeare. I likewise read books identified with my school assignments. The books increment my present stock information on the subjects talked about in class. End Leisure action can have different culture-based implications. The examination shows distinctive recreation exercises. Relaxation exercises incorporate physical recreation exercises. The physical exercises incorporate sweating sports exercises. The nonphysical exercises incorporate game excluded relaxation exercises. Clearly, relaxation exercises improve one’s relational connections. Question 2 Introduction: Culture struggle frequently manifests in ordinary circumstances. The examination dives on struggle events. The examination dives on compromise. Compromise research includes commitment from various gatherings. Compromise is the serene option in contrast to progressively other vicious clash communications. The creator effectively expresses that directors in occasion, sport,

Ballistics Essays

Ballistics Essays Ballistics Essay Ballistics Essay Paper Ballistics Bullets going more than 2,000 feet for each second and having more vitality than one ordinary individual can see. Would you be able to envision following where, how, when, and what from edge this slug was shot. Ballistic researchers can. Ballistics is the investigation of any shot utilized as a weapon. This can surely represent the moment of truth a case Involving a master Great ballistic researchers can even give how far the projectile was shot from before It reaches the objective. To me this is one of the most Important apparatuses for a situation where a gun is utilized. The meaning of ballistics is straightforward, the investigation of shots from a weapon, fundamentally alluding to slugs out of a firearm. That Is a dulled down definition. My definition is somewhat lengthier inside and out. Scientific ballistics remembers the assessment of shots and guns for an endeavor to recognize specific weapons utilized at a specific time. Weapons and slugs abandon little signs when shot, which proficient ballistic researchers can dissect and characterize what firearm, projectile, vitality, and even charge of the packaging. This makes ballistic researcher one of the most significant keys on a law requirement office. Guns and rifles are arranged by what within breadth of the barrel measures. This is called bore. A model would be, a 22 bore rifle has an a lot littler distance across barrel than a . 370 bore rifle does. Thusly, the projectile of a . 22 bore will be significantly littler than that off . 370 bore, Pistols are classified a similar way. A . 40 bore is a lot littler than a . 460 gauge. Shotguns, be that as it may, are not classified Like this. Shotguns are classified by check. In contrast to the rifle, the littler the check of a rifle the greater within breadth is. For example, a twelve measure has an a lot bigger barrel than a twenty-eight check. Since I have disclosed sizes and order to the firearms, next Is the activity of the weapons. At the point when a weapon is discharged it takes numerous parts to make the firearm shoot and furthermore for the shot to hit Its objective. At the point when you pull the trigger on a firearm, the discharging pin strikes the projectile to set tot the black powder. That leaves a blemish on the packaging as one of a kind as a fingerprintno two weapons strike the projectile in the very same manner. Moreover, the barrels of each firearm are rifled, which implies they contain grooves, wanly Nell ten Dulled spun Ana make It increasingly precise. Thusly, ten Dulled NAS ten imprints from the rifling in the barrel, which can be coordinated up to the weapon that shot it. There is one exemption to the rifling in the barrel. That exemption is smooth bore fired firearms. They are smooth, Just like the name infers. Presently to discuss the term the vast majority regard as ballistics, the speed, drop, and vitality off shot. Charge, weight, and gag length are three things that influence the speed and drop off shot. Something a great many people don?wet know is that a shot doesn't shoot straight on a level plane. At the point when I slug is shot it is taken shots at a raising edge. Which implies the shot breaks the plane of the gag once before hitting the objective. A . 22 bore rifle breaks the plane of the gag at twenty-five yards, if the rifle is focused at 100 yards. Not all rifles cartridges cross at these estimations. That all relies upon the weight, charge, and speed of the slug. Weight can likewise be portrayed as thump down force. A high gauge rifle will fire heavier shots and have more thump down force. The more weight implies that there is increasingly active vitality. For instance, a . 357 bore rifle fires a lighter, a lot quicker slug than that off . 5 gauge. Despite the fact that the . 57 is quicker and all the more level shooting, the . 45 bore has more thump down force due to the heaviness of the slug and the dynamic vitality. Despite the fact that this data is increasingly useful too tracker, it is helpful to any shooter. Charge is depicted as the measure of dark powder used to discharge the slug. The more the charge, the greater the blast. Each firearm utilizes dark powder to be terminated. Dark powder was the principal unstable, and utilized in each firearm throughout the entire existence of guns. From the most seasoned muskmelons to the most cutting edge expert marksman rifles utilized today. Since the speed of the firearm is secured, next will be to clarify what happens o the slug once it hits the objective. There are a wide range of kinds of shots. For example, delicate tip, empty point, and wad cutters. There are likewise a couple of kinds of empty focuses. Empty focuses are projectiles that extend, (or mushroom) when they have affected the objective. These are generally normal and furthermore the most destructive. In addition to the fact that you have a projectile going at more than 1 500 feet for each second, however they likewise extend and leave expanding section and leave wounds, and can likewise leave follow measures of the shot inside the objective. One kind of empty point is a moderate extending slug. It works precisely like it is prattled, it is a harder projectile that despite everything grows, except may not completely extend until it is far into the objective. These do a great deal of harm, however not as terrible as a quick extending projectile. Quick growing projectiles extend when contact is made with the objective and is the most deadly kind of shot. Since they open so rapidly you get the mushroom impact totally through the objective. Wad cutters are just a strong bit of lead. They are primarily utilized for target practice since they are modest and don't have the charge nor the speed of a chasing load. In spite of the fact that they field t as ground-breaking they are Just as hurtful. Since they don't grow they remain a strong totally through the objective and furthermore after if there is a leave wound. These are Just as lethal in light of the fact that they can ricochet inside askew, for example, a human. Wad cutters are utilized in a ton of pack battles since they won't murder somebody, however they will enter the skin and once inside the individual they will ricochet off of the ribs and sternum, doing a lot of inner harm. On every single weapon made, there is a sequential number stepped into it. It Is made Day squeezing ten metal so even Day Telling Tontine sequential under Trot ten inside, the researcher can in any case utilize ultra-sound to discover the sequential number. Recording off sequential number is a wrongdoing in itself and is regular in posses, medications, and demonstrations of viciousness. By securing this sequential number ballistic researchers can discover the bore, make, model, store it was sold from, and even the proprietor. This is a colossal factor in ballistic science. In the event that you can put a firearm with a proprietor/administrator, as a ballistic researcher you have won a large portion of the skirmish of understanding the wrongdoing. Ballistic researchers not just work with the activity of the firearm, yet in addition the separation and edge the projectile was shot from. For example, the section gap on an objective well be a lot littler than the leave opening due to the development of the shot and the speed that it left at. For this situation in the event that you can decide and section and leave wound you can determine what edge the projectile was shot from and decide the region that the shooter was the point at which the slug was discharged from the gun. Separation is a colossal key to making sense of what occurred at a wrongdoing scene. A projectile shot from point-empty shell extend out to a short proximity will leave a dark powder consume on the objective. A shot a point-clear range will have a more tightly more particular consume than en of a shot from a further separation. Another deciding key to separate is entrance. In the event that a shot has not totally gone through a casualty it could have been discharged from a more distant separation than what the legitimacies of the scene permit. A portion of the tests and assessments of ballistics incorporate a couple of various sorts of test shooting. The ballistic researcher will test fire the firearm to discover its markings and striations on specific sorts of projectiles to attempt to coordinate a shot with a weapon and even a weapon with a proprietor. That kind of test should clearly possibly be possible if either stays of the shot or the weapon is found. In the event that neither the weapon nor projectile is found at the scene the researcher can fire various sorts of firearms into what is called ballistic gel. This gel is equivalent to the skin, muscle, and fat off human. It is a reasonable gel so you can analyze the injury channel of the casualty to that of the gel. This is likewise useful with examining extension of a projectile considering the gel is clear. Gathering proof from a wrongdoing scene is significant. You would prefer not to hurt any proof that could block the case. When gathering proof, for example, a firearm, never place a pencil within the barrel or trigger gatekeeper. Not exclusively is that not appropriate rearm security it is likewise unsafe to any proof that is situated there. The guns can be gotten by the finished piece of the hold, while obviously wearing elastic gloves to desert no additional fingerprints. Prior to getting the gun, ensure it is pointing a protected way. Most crooks don't empty the gun before they drop it at a wrongdoing scene. Keep notes on the state of the firearm, the area, and time it was found. These call all be key factors in telling when, where, why, and how the casualty was shot. On the off chance that the barrel is harmed in any capacity, it will influence the result of test shooting. The equivalent goes for the terminating instrument. The gun ought to be contained in either an enormous envelope or a paper sack. It ought to be kept separate from the projectiles, packaging, or magazine. Placing these bits of proof in one holder can prompt scratching and harming any bit of proof. With respect to gathering the projectile or packaging from a scene, you should be extremely cautious and gather it right or it will be nothing but bad as proof. Since housings and shots are metal, IT residency Is any metal on metal contact ten example would de be able to control Ana scratches. This is the reason you would need to gather the proof by hand with gloves on. Additionally one thing that most lawbreakers don?wet consider is the point at which you are stacking your weapon you are leaving your fingerprints on the housings as you load them into the magazine. This is

How to Handle an Unexpected Bill

How to Handle an Unexpected Bill How to Handle an Unexpected Bill How to Handle an Unexpected BillHaving an emergency fund is a great way to handle surprise expenses, but what if the bill’s a mistake?Let’s set the sceneYou’ve settled into your couch after a long day at work. You’ve turned on Dancing With The Stars and are pumped for an hour of watching Frankie Muniz try to tango. You’ve got that day’s mail on your lapâ€"but you’re not worried. All your bills are up to date.And then suddenly there it is: an unpaid bill from the hospital. What the heck? You get up and check your files. You’re sure that you paid that bill from your daughter’s gall bladder surgery…In an instant, your quiet night of watching Terrell Owens go head-to-head with Barbara Corcoran on the glittering dance floor is ruined. Now you have to deal with this stupid bill that’s throwing your carefully planned finances into a tizzy.Unexpected bills mean unexpected headachesFor many folks, handling major expenses like medical and car repair bills isn’t easy. Ac cording to a study from the Kaiser Family Foundation, 45 percent of Americans report that they would have trouble paying a surprise bill of only $500. That same study also found that, among people with incomes under $40,000, 35 percent don’t think they’d be able to pay that bill at all.Paying off these kinds of surprise expenses is one reason that people turn to payday loans and title loans. These short-term no credit check loans come with extremely high interest ratesâ€"the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) estimates [PDF] an average APR of 339 percent for payday loansâ€"which is why they can all too easy trap borrowers in a dangerous cycle of debt.When it comes dealing with an unexpected bill, sketchy no credit check loans or pricy  cash advances on your credit card are clearly not the answer. Taking one out could only dig you deeper in the financial hole.Some unexpected bills are not to be trusted.Before figuring out just how you’re going to pay off that surprise bill, you first need to determine that the bill is legitimate. In a world that is rife with hackers and con artistsâ€"where incidents like the Equifax Hack and post-hurricane scammers can happen within a month of each otherâ€"you can never be too careful.Plus, it’s very well possible that a bill you’ve received was sent to you in error. (That’s the type of scenario we outlined in the opening section.) Lenders, debt collectors, hospitals, and utility companies are, after all, perfectly capable of making mistakes. Some even engage in shady, possibly illegal practices that deliberately mislead you as to what you owe.it’s not as though all lenders, credit card companies, and utilities are  In some cases, a bill will be a flat out scam. In other cases, it will just be the result of a clerical error.The two most common types of unexpected billsJim Wang (@WalletHacks) is a personal finance expert who shares his strategies for achieving financial independence on his blog, Wallet Ha cks. In regards to bills that are fake or inaccurate, he says that the most common kinds are medical bills and debts that are in collections:“Medical bills are notoriously hard to read, can often be coded incorrectly, and since theyre linked with something you know happened (some kind of treatment) its easy to fall into the trap of paying it.”“As for collections, thats a debt that was sold off and collection agencies can be very aggressive in how they try to recoup that money. Many times they cant even prove they own the debt in the first place.”How to handle a medical billFor medical bills, you need to go through each line item and confirm its accurate,” says Wang. This will be hard because the coding may be strange but look for anything that looks incorrect (one treatment instead of another) and anything thats added in but that you never received.”“Confirm the dates of the treatment match the date on the line items on each bill. Itll look scary but you need to go thr ough and ask questions about anything you dont recognize, medical billing fraud is huge.”“If theres something nefarious, Id look into calling an attorney,” he says.If you aren’t able to sort the situation out using only the bill itself, then Wang says that it’s time to start making calls:“Get the provider (usually the hospital or utility) and have them explain what each item is and why its on the bill. If you need to, you can call your insurance provider for help if things are unclear. If you dont get results you like, you can call your states department of insurance, they will have a fraud investigation team, and your states medical boards.”“If calling the provider or your insurance company doesnt resolve it, you need to get state and federal agencies involved. If its truly fake, it shouldnt come to that but if it does, reach out to an attorney for help because they will know the ins and outs of navigating that situation within your state.”How to handle a collecti ons billIf you have a bill that’s been sent to collections, there’s a good chance that the debt has been sold to a debt collection agency. This means that the original owner of the debt (a lender, hospital, utility company, etc.) sold the debt to this agency for a fraction of what you actually owed and wrote the rest of it off as a loss. That collection agency is now trying to recoup as much of the debt as they can from you.There have been many instances where collections agencies have used incredibly aggressive tactics (also known as harassment) to recoup the debts that they own. And while some of these tactics are legal, some of them are most definitely not.To learn more, see: What Debt Collectors Can and Can’t Do.If you think a debt collector might be fake, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) offers the following advice:Ask them for their name, address, phone number, and company name.Ask that they send you a “validation notice” in writing.Send them a letter asking that t hey stop calling you as legit debt collectors legally have to do soâ€"but only if you request it in writing.Do not give them any personal information like your SSID, account numbers, etc.Contact the original creditor to whom you owed the debt so that they can confirm its status.Report the call to the FTC, the CFPB, or to your state’s Attorney General.Above all, be preparedIf you receive a surprise bill in the mail, and it turns out to be legitimate, then you’re going to have to pay it.The best way to prep for unexpected expenses is to build and maintain an emergency fund. Start with building up $1,000 dollars, then work your way up to a fund that covers six months worth of expenses. Eventually, you should have enough in savings to cover two years worth of costs.To learn more about building an emergency fundâ€"and other good financial practicesâ€"you should check out our recent blog post: 7 Bad Money Habits That Lead to Bad Credit.Above all, you should avoid predatory  bad credit loans like payday and title loans. If you absolutely have to turn to personal loans to handle your bill, you should probably stick to more affordable installment loans.(And if you’re going to apply for an installment loan, might we suggest you apply for one from OppLoans? We’re awesome, we promise.)Don’t let surprise bills knock off your game. Be thorough, be prepared, and you’ll be back to enjoying Dancing With the Stars before you know it.Have you ever received a bill that you later learned was fake? We want to hear about it! You can email us or you can send us a tweet at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsJim Wang shares his strategies for getting ahead financially and in life at Wallet Hacks (@WalletHacks). Jim has been writing about personal finance for over ten years and has been featured in the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, Entrepreneur, and Marketplace Money. How to Handle an Unexpected Bill How to Handle an Unexpected Bill How to Handle an Unexpected BillHaving an emergency fund is a great way to handle surprise expenses, but what if the bill’s a mistake?Let’s set the sceneYou’ve settled into your couch after a long day at work. You’ve turned on Dancing With The Stars and are pumped for an hour of watching Frankie Muniz try to tango. You’ve got that day’s mail on your lapâ€"but you’re not worried. All your bills are up to date.And then suddenly there it is: an unpaid bill from the hospital. What the heck? You get up and check your files. You’re sure that you paid that bill from your daughter’s gall bladder surgery…In an instant, your quiet night of watching Terrell Owens go head-to-head with Barbara Corcoran on the glittering dance floor is ruined. Now you have to deal with this stupid bill that’s throwing your carefully planned finances into a tizzy.Unexpected bills mean unexpected headachesFor many folks, handling major expenses like medical and car repair bills isn’t easy. Ac cording to a study from the Kaiser Family Foundation, 45 percent of Americans report that they would have trouble paying a surprise bill of only $500. That same study also found that, among people with incomes under $40,000, 35 percent don’t think they’d be able to pay that bill at all.Paying off these kinds of surprise expenses is one reason that people turn to payday loans and title loans. These short-term no credit check loans come with extremely high interest ratesâ€"the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) estimates [PDF] an average APR of 339 percent for payday loansâ€"which is why they can all too easy trap borrowers in a dangerous cycle of debt.When it comes dealing with an unexpected bill, sketchy no credit check loans or pricy  cash advances on your credit card are clearly not the answer. Taking one out could only dig you deeper in the financial hole.Some unexpected bills are not to be trusted.Before figuring out just how you’re going to pay off that surprise bill, you first need to determine that the bill is legitimate. In a world that is rife with hackers and con artistsâ€"where incidents like the Equifax Hack and post-hurricane scammers can happen within a month of each otherâ€"you can never be too careful.Plus, it’s very well possible that a bill you’ve received was sent to you in error. (That’s the type of scenario we outlined in the opening section.) Lenders, debt collectors, hospitals, and utility companies are, after all, perfectly capable of making mistakes. Some even engage in shady, possibly illegal practices that deliberately mislead you as to what you owe.it’s not as though all lenders, credit card companies, and utilities are  In some cases, a bill will be a flat out scam. In other cases, it will just be the result of a clerical error.The two most common types of unexpected billsJim Wang (@WalletHacks) is a personal finance expert who shares his strategies for achieving financial independence on his blog, Wallet Ha cks. In regards to bills that are fake or inaccurate, he says that the most common kinds are medical bills and debts that are in collections:“Medical bills are notoriously hard to read, can often be coded incorrectly, and since theyre linked with something you know happened (some kind of treatment) its easy to fall into the trap of paying it.”“As for collections, thats a debt that was sold off and collection agencies can be very aggressive in how they try to recoup that money. Many times they cant even prove they own the debt in the first place.”How to handle a medical billFor medical bills, you need to go through each line item and confirm its accurate,” says Wang. This will be hard because the coding may be strange but look for anything that looks incorrect (one treatment instead of another) and anything thats added in but that you never received.”“Confirm the dates of the treatment match the date on the line items on each bill. Itll look scary but you need to go thr ough and ask questions about anything you dont recognize, medical billing fraud is huge.”“If theres something nefarious, Id look into calling an attorney,” he says.If you aren’t able to sort the situation out using only the bill itself, then Wang says that it’s time to start making calls:“Get the provider (usually the hospital or utility) and have them explain what each item is and why its on the bill. If you need to, you can call your insurance provider for help if things are unclear. If you dont get results you like, you can call your states department of insurance, they will have a fraud investigation team, and your states medical boards.”“If calling the provider or your insurance company doesnt resolve it, you need to get state and federal agencies involved. If its truly fake, it shouldnt come to that but if it does, reach out to an attorney for help because they will know the ins and outs of navigating that situation within your state.”How to handle a collecti ons billIf you have a bill that’s been sent to collections, there’s a good chance that the debt has been sold to a debt collection agency. This means that the original owner of the debt (a lender, hospital, utility company, etc.) sold the debt to this agency for a fraction of what you actually owed and wrote the rest of it off as a loss. That collection agency is now trying to recoup as much of the debt as they can from you.There have been many instances where collections agencies have used incredibly aggressive tactics (also known as harassment) to recoup the debts that they own. And while some of these tactics are legal, some of them are most definitely not.To learn more, see: What Debt Collectors Can and Can’t Do.If you think a debt collector might be fake, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) offers the following advice:Ask them for their name, address, phone number, and company name.Ask that they send you a “validation notice” in writing.Send them a letter asking that t hey stop calling you as legit debt collectors legally have to do soâ€"but only if you request it in writing.Do not give them any personal information like your SSID, account numbers, etc.Contact the original creditor to whom you owed the debt so that they can confirm its status.Report the call to the FTC, the CFPB, or to your state’s Attorney General.Above all, be preparedIf you receive a surprise bill in the mail, and it turns out to be legitimate, then you’re going to have to pay it.The best way to prep for unexpected expenses is to build and maintain an emergency fund. Start with building up $1,000 dollars, then work your way up to a fund that covers six months worth of expenses. Eventually, you should have enough in savings to cover two years worth of costs.To learn more about building an emergency fundâ€"and other good financial practicesâ€"you should check out our recent blog post: 7 Bad Money Habits That Lead to Bad Credit.Above all, you should avoid predatory  bad credit loans like payday and title loans. If you absolutely have to turn to personal loans to handle your bill, you should probably stick to more affordable installment loans.(And if you’re going to apply for an installment loan, might we suggest you apply for one from OppLoans? We’re awesome, we promise.)Don’t let surprise bills knock off your game. Be thorough, be prepared, and you’ll be back to enjoying Dancing With the Stars before you know it.Have you ever received a bill that you later learned was fake? We want to hear about it! You can email us or you can send us a tweet at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsJim Wang shares his strategies for getting ahead financially and in life at Wallet Hacks (@WalletHacks). Jim has been writing about personal finance for over ten years and has been featured in the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, Entrepreneur, and Marketplace Money.

Health Care Reform The Analysis Of Healthcare Reform

The Analysis of Healthcare Reform The complexity of health care could take the rates on a massive trajectory that does not favor the people covered. Therefore, the financial protection that the levels of health insurance covers, help to guard against the risks related to the unexpected costs of health care. The source of coverage could still have an impact by the insurance coverage and financing alternatives that one has access to; Conversely, private insurance, social insurance, and the national health services are the types of healthcare systems by funding and provision. As we look to health care coverage and the reform of Obamacare, I’ll analyze the impact of the uninsured in the industry and look for a resolution to improve the†¦show more content†¦There are providers, of public hospitals community and rural health centers, and local health department considered to be safety net providers that service the uninsured. But the result of increased demand has caused limited capacity and decreased treat ment options due to eroding finances (KFF, 2013). In order to improve the well beings of Americans, it is imperative to establish a health care policy that will deliver comprehensive coverage for all. Therefore, a universal health care plan would be one recommendation, a course of action is to utilize the telemedicine doctors which is becoming more prevalent; As the demand grows there would be more than enough tele-doctors available for care. Another recommendation is to also use the Urgent Care centers as part of the universal healthcare system. The reason for these healthcare entities is because of the current structure; Provided, they are in place to deliver care at a more economical rate, than if you went to a hospital’s emergency room. Every American would be responsible for paying a minuscule amount toward the universal health care plan. 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`` 57 `` By Rachel Kushner - 914 Words

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The Social Work Case Study - 2703 Words

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Ethical Stance on Pro-Euthanasia free essay sample

Abstract Euthanasia is one of the most talked about issues related to biomedical ethics today. This paper will discuss the ethical findings on the topic of euthanasia from a philosophical point of view. The paper examines the moral views of philosophers and then will end with an argument as to why euthanasia should be allowed in United States. Ethical Stance on Euthanasia There are many people that have their opinion on whether one should be able to end their own life when they are suffering from a terminal illness. Some believe that they should have the right to end their own life when they are terminal or that their quality of life will never be the same. Others feel it is unjust to take your own life. There are many ethical positions on the topic of euthanasia that philosophers have been arguing about for many centuries. With all the moral and ethical positions, the question still remains, is euthanasia morally justified? Euthanasia Defined There are different forms of euthanasia that we must define before we can answer the question of whether these methods are justifiable means to end of life treatment. Active, passive, voluntary, involuntary, and non-voluntary are all methods of euthanasia. Active Euthanasia When most people think of euthanasia they are referring to active euthanasia. Most people are also referring to voluntary euthanasia as well which we’ll define later. Active euthanasia is the practice of ending the life by the deliberate administration of drugs. Injecting a patient, with patient’s consent, with a lethal dose of medication would be an example of euthanasia. Other examples of treatments that could be used to deliberately terminate a patient’s life could by the use of lethal gas or the use of prescription medication. Passive Euthanasia Passive euthanasia is the withholding or withdrawing of medication or treatment what could prolong life. This form of euthanasia implies the intent of allowing a natural death to occur without the health care provider’s interference. In most of passive euthanasia cases, the patient is simply not given any form of treatment that would extend his or her life. An example of this would be radiation treatment for terminal cancer. Voluntary Euthanasia When a patient personally requests that euthanasia takes place, either by active or passive forms, they are fully aware of the consequences from their actions. Again, when most people refer to euthanasia it is this type of request of end of time means. Involuntary Euthanasia Roy et al. (1994) states that involuntary euthanasia is carried out against the wishes of the patient. Another way of saying this is the person who is killed, expressed an exact wish to the contrary. Because this is basically carrying out a murder, involuntary euthanasia will never be accepted as a morally justifiable means of terminating a life. Non-voluntary Euthanasia When the patient is killed made no request and when consent of the patient is unavailable, usually due to the person being comatose, this is referred to as non-voluntary euthanasia. The end of life decision is usually made through the consent of loved ones. A Question of Ethics A being that is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong is defined as a moral agent (â€Å"Ethics in PR,† n. d. ). Ethics in PR (n. d. ) goes on to say, when something or someone is deemed a moral agent, it does not necessarily mean that they are successfully making moral decisions. It means that they are in a category that enables them to be blamed. If someone is unable to be blamed, then they do not have rights. Being a moral agent means that they can be held responsible for their decisions and behaviors, whether they are good or bad. Halliday (2000) states that: A moral agent must be a living creature, as they must be able to comprehend abstract moral principles and apply them to decision making. They must have â€Å"self-consciousness, memory, moral principles, other values, and the reasoning faculty, which allows him to devise plans for achieving his objectives, to weigh alternatives, and so on†. Also, in order to weigh the options in decision making, a moral agent must â€Å"attach a positive value to acts that conform to his moral principles and a positive value to some of the results that he can achieve by violating his moral principles. † This means that in order to be a moral agent â€Å"you must live in a world of scarcity rather than paradise. † If all of your values could be easily and immediately be achieved, you wouldn’t have to pick between your moral and non-moral goals, and you couldn’t practice moral agency. When discussing euthanasia who then are the moral agents? Certainly the patient that is competent would be a moral agent and the health care provider would qualify as a moral agent. If the patient were not competent, as would be the case in a non-voluntary euthanasia, the surrogate would be a moral agent. Surrogates could be family members, a friend with power of attorney, or a court appointed representative. Philosophical Theories Telfer (2004) explains that there are mainly two traditional philosophical theories regarding morality that have often been aimed to find a criterion of morally right action that can be broken into two groups. Those two groups are: those which hold that the right action is always that which produces the best consequences, and those which hold that the right action is not always that which produces the best consequences. The first kind of theories are Consequentialist and the theories of the second kind are called Deontological theories. John Stuart Mill In his famous essay, Utilitarianism, Mill states that Utilitarianism good consequences are simply happiness, and happiness is pleasure and freedom from pain-not only physical pain but also distress of other kinds. Mill goes on to state that in his view, the right action is that which produces the most pleasure and the least pain for all those affected. Mill’s second view of good consequences is that of the right action is that which promotes in oneself and other what we may call a higher happiness, one which stresses self-development and the fostering of the distinctively rational nature of human beings. Immanuel Kant The second theory we will discuss is Deontology. Deontology is an alternative ethical system that is usually attributed to the philosophical tradition of Immanuel Kant. Deontologists argue that there are transcendent ethical norms and truths that are universally applicable to all people. Deontology holds that some actions are immoral regardless of their outcomes; these actions are wrong in and of themselves. Kant writes a categorical imperative that tells us to act morally at all times. The categorical imperative, in its most widely used formulation, demands that humans act as though their actions would be universalized into a general rule of nature. Kant believes that all people come to moral conclusions about right and wrong based on rational thought. Deontology is roughly associated with the maxim the means must justify the ends. Whereas utilitarianism focuses on the outcomes, or ends, of actions, deontology demands that the actions, or means, themselves must be ethical. Pro-Euthanasia Arguments The first argument for euthanasia will be that of a utilitarian one. As stated above in his argument for utilitarianism, the right action, according to Mill, are right as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce pain or the reverse of happiness. In the argument for a terminally ill patient suffering from a disease that causes severe, untreatable pain, we would see that the happiness is maximized and the pain would thus be minimized by euthanasia. If the same person were living an enjoyable life prior to the disease and now unable to enjoy the activities that made life worth living, there would be no higher intellectual or emotional pleasures to balance the physical pain. Euthanasia would also allow this patient’s family and friends to be spared the pain of watching him suffer. This would also be considered an action to promote happiness. By allowing this patient to suffer, it would produce pain, or the reverse of happiness, thus agreeing with both arguments in Mills utilitarian theory. To use a utilitarian stance, we must consider what is good for all. In taking this stance, using euthanasia would also allow for other patients that are sick to be allowed to use hospital resources with more treatable conditions. Again, this would contribute to everyone’s happiness by allowing a person who needs a hospital bed to be admitted to the hospital for treatment. There are two forms of Utilitarianism that you could argue for euthanasia. Those are Hedonistic (pleasure based) and Ideal Utilitarianism (Telfer, 2004). Telfer goes on to write that the Hedonistic Utilitarian would say that situations often arise in which a person’s continued existence brings more pain than pleasure both to them and to all those who are distressed by their suffering-not to speak of the resources which are being spent on keeping them alive and which would produce more happiness if used in other ways. She goes on to say, the Ideal Utilitarianism version is the views of those who advocate the possibility of death with dignity through voluntary euthanasia. Ideal Utilitarians can argue that no one who receives proper expert care need die in pain and distress by stating that the good they seek is not mere absence of pain, physical or mental, but the preservation of dignity and the exercise of the human endowment of autonomy. The pro-euthanasia deontology argument brought up by Immanuel Kant is that the intent of an action rather than its effect is what determines morality. According to Kant, omissions are subject to the same moral rules acts. So, according to Kant the intentions of an act are more important than the act itself. In using this argument for euthanasia, one can feel it is acceptable to end the life of a competent terminally ill patient; it is the intention that you are doing a good act by alleviating the pain or ending the suffering of the patient is more meaningful than the act of euthanasia itself. Rationality can be defined as, â€Å"the capability of following rules, drawing inferences, generalizing, making free choices, and altering conduct when the truth of a proposition and interconnections between conduct and the proposition is recognized† (Homes, 2003). According to Gunderson (2004), Kant does not rule out euthanasia for people who have permanently lost their rational agency. Once someone has irretrievably lost rational agency, that person no longer has the sort of Kantian dignity that would justify a duty not to perform euthanasia. Gunderson goes on to say, in Kantian ethics, it would be permissible to write an advanced directive refusing life-saving treatment, and even requesting euthanasia, in the event that one were to suffer a permanent loss of rational agency. Euthanasia would not go against the Kantian duty to seek one’s perfection, because the person who has permanently lost the ability to function rationally is unable to seek perfection. Even for people who have not made an advanced directive, the Kantian argument still applies so long as there is no reason to believe that euthanasia would thwart what the person willed as a rational agent. If a person were to express a desire not to be killed in the event that he or she suffers a permanent loss of rationality, then there is reason to respect that desire, just as there is reason to respect the directives of the deceased regarding property distribution. Respect for rational agency requires both sustaining the conditions of rational agency and respecting decisions made by rational agents. It would be less respectful of humanity and therefore not a genuine kingdom of ends if the rational decisions were not respected after the loss of competence or death (Gunderson, 2004). A person that becomes incompetent and has lost his or her moral life becomes relegated to the status of an animal, or even to that of an object. Rational individuals who foresee the full onset of a mental debilitating disease, such as dementia, must choose between preserving the physical or moral life. Kant and others agree the moral life has greater value than the physical life. Therefore, a rational person has the moral duty to commit suicide, thereby sacrificing the physical life, in order to preserve his moral life (Cooley, 2007). According to Kant, dementia is a brain disorder that leads to the loss of rationality, and thus, humanity. Kant argues that irrational agents have physical lives, but no moral lives. A physical life is the biological life of a body that is physically living. Although this is shared with animals, a moral life involves reason, autonomy, and rationality and that, a moral life, is what separates persons from animals. Kant also argues of the duty of beneficence, which is the moral obligation to act in the best interest of others. This argument could then be used to say that dementia-related diseases cause an emotional burden on the family. Family members interact with someone that is only a shell of the person they once were. This results in emotional strains on the family as they care for the person with dementia, but cannot be loved or even recognized by those they love. Therefore, for those who foresee dementia have the moral right to commit suicide so they do not force their family to care for them in their non-human state. If the patient does not carry out this duty to die, one could easily infer that some sort of mercy killing would be permissible (Sharp, 2012). Sharp (2012) goes on to say that patients with severe dementia have lost all moral status, thus equating them to an object. As a result, others may act toward the patient as they would towards an object. If a demented patient becomes a burden, it should be abandoned in the same way as any other useless object. Another argument is that from Brassington (2006). He believes that if suicide is permissible, it should also be acceptable to respond to a call for assistance by assisting. Although there is no reason to suppose that it may be obligatory actually to help someone die, neither is there any basis for a refusal to do so in the wrongness of a proposed suicide, because there is no wrongness. Brassington goes on to state that the use of Kant’s Categorical Imperative second formulation argues that if we are using euthanasia, we are treating a person wholly as a means to an end; we have desired that we want to minimize suffering, and we have chose to kill as a means to that. If we are to accept this argument for euthanasia, it only works if our actions are motivated by something such as a desire to reduce the net level of suffering in the world and if the euthanasia and the person euthanized are thereby treated as a means to an end. In cases where a person wants us to kill him and when that desire is what motivates us to kill that person, and where we have no other desires that motivates us to kill that person, it would be difficult to sustain the charge that we are acting in such a way to make a person a means to our end (Brassington, 2006). In conclusion, I believe that with terminal diseases and mental diseases that destroy our functional being and thought process, euthanasia should be allowed. I do however, strongly only advocate for the option of voluntary euthanasia. I believe that either the use of active or passive euthanasia should be used. If all forms of euthanasia were to be allowed, society would abuse the privilege. Others may accept that there are circumstances where it is morally permissible to end a life intentionally, but that a change in the law would result in the very potential for abuse and coercion of the people that are vulnerable (Begley, 2008). While both active and passive euthanasia allows the person to exercise their own autonomy and preserve their dignity even in death, active differs from passive in the fact that it also has equal consideration for the doctor’s freedom of conscience and autonomy. I have a hard time agreeing with the fact that doctors should be involved in taking specific steps towards ending a patient’s life because their main objective is to heal/do no harm. Begley (2008) states that doctors, who believe that a patient’s partner can carry out voluntary euthanasia, believe that they (the doctors) should not be involved. The law states as of now that euthanasia is not legal. It is suggested then that doctors and nurses develop empathy and compassion when caring for the patient, but to lay that aside when the patient has asked to end their suffering, because it goes against the law. Begley (2008) writes that this â€Å"pushes a square into a round hole† and encourages the feeling that good doctors and nurses are those who can walk away from situations calling for a compassionate response. It is my opinion that when a patient it known to be competent and knows what decisions they are making, that euthanasia should be a valid alternative. My strongest argument for allowing patients to seek euthanasia is that they must be competent to make the decision. Active or passive euthanasia would allow the patient to be making a rational, competent decision. Again, with the action being voluntary, a patient personally requests that euthanasia takes place, either by active or passive forms, they are fully aware of the consequences from their actions. Being fully aware of the consequences means they have made a rational decision. Kant would argue that suicide is irrational because of â€Å"self-love. † (Matthews, 1998). However, Matthews goes on to say that the contradiction about which Kant speaks arises, however, only if loving oneself always and necessarily implies wanting to stay alive, that is, if going on living, even in conditions of misery, pain, dishonor and so on, is inherently and self-evidently preferable to ceasing to exist. But, one must ask, is life always preferable to non-existence (Matthews, 1998)? If one can make a rational determination that life is not worth living when one must have to go through pain and misery, then one must conclude that euthanasia is an ethical and rational means.